Wednesday, October 15, 2008

Chen Weida

Chen Weida was a Chinese politician and educator.

Biography


Chen Weida was born in Xiangshui County, Jiangsu in 1916. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1937.

After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Chen Weida had been the Secretory of the CPC Hangzhou Committee, the First Secretary of the CPC Tianjin Committee, and the Deputy Secretary of the .

Chen was the President of Zhejiang University from 1962 to 1968.

Ch'ien Mu

Ch'ien Mu was an educator, historian, philosopher and confucian. He also known by another Chinese name 錢賓四.

He was one of the founders of New Asia College and Chinese University of Hong Kong.

He had received honorary doctorates from both Yale University and Hong Kong University.

Ch'ien wrote many books and papers about Chinese classics, history and Confucian philosophy. Unlike many anti-tradition scholars at his time, he insisted on the importance of traditional value of Chinese culture.

Momerial


*New Asia College Ch'ien Mu Library

Cao Jianming

Cao Jianming is the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

Biography


Cao Jianming was born in Nantong, Jiangsu in 1955. He received his LL.B and LL.M degrees from East China University of Political Science and Law in 1983 and 1986.

After graduation, Cao joined the faculty of the same university. He was the President of this university from 1997 to 1999 and became the President of the National Judges College in 1999.

He studied in Ghent University of Belgium in 1989-1990.

Cao was appointed as the Vice President of the Supreme People's Court in 1999.

In October 2007, Cao was elected as the member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

On March 16,2008, Cao was elected as the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

Zhou Yongkang

Zhou Yongkang is a senior leader of the Communist Party of China who is currently serving as the 9th ranked member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee, State Councilor, and the head of the , an organ directing central government legal policy and the legislative agenda. He is a and member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He was mayor of Panjin in Liaoning Province from 1983 until 1985, was served prominently as the of the People's Republic of China and thus chief of the from 2002 to 2007.

Biography


Born in December 1942, Zhou Yongkang is a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. In November 1964 he joined the and entered the workforce in September 1966. He graduated from the Survey and Exploration Department of Beijing Petroleum Institute majoring in geophysical survey and exploration. As a university graduate he holds the title Senior Engineer with a rank equivalent to that of Professor.

During the 1960s and 70s he spent most of his career in the oil sector and by the mid-1980s he was vice minister of the Petroleum Industry and from 1996 General Manager of China National Petroleum Corporation. In 1998 he was Minister of Land and Resources and in 1999, secretary of the Communist Party of China Sichuan Provincial Committee, where he was a hardliner on Tibetan independence supporters. During his tenure as Minister of Public Security, he was a hardliner and reformer of China's policing system, aiming to create a more professional policing body, even going as far as to fire several hundred police officers for a drinking problem. His heavy hand in Sichuan and as Public Security Minister made him noticed by the party's central althority, and in 2007 he was transferred to fill Luo Gan's retirement vacancy in the Party's powerful Political and Legislative affairs committee, having ultimate authority with state security forces. As a result, even though he is ranked last in the PSC's hierarchy, it is not an indication of his actual power.

Zhang Xinsheng

ZHANG Xinsheng , is a politician. He's the current of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, and the Vice-president of the Chinese Olympic Committee.

Biography



Zhang was born in Shuyang County, Suqian, Jiangsu Province in November, 1948.

1974-1977, Zhang studied in the Department of Foreign Languages at Hangzhou University . 1977-1979, he served as an official and translator in the Foreign Affairs Office of the Jiangsu Provincial Government.

1980-1982, Zhang studied at the , USA as a graduate student. 1982-1985, he was the Deputy Director of the Tourism Bureau of the Jiangsu Provincial Government. 1986-1989, he was the Deputy Director of the , .

1989-1997, he served as the Mayor of . 1998-2000, he was a graduate student at the Harvard University USA, and received a master's degree . 2001-present, he is the Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Education, PRC. 2004-present, he is the Vice-President of the Chinese Olympic Committee, Beijing.

Yu Youjun

Yu Youjun is a politician and former governor of Shanxi province.

Biography


A native of Feng County, Jiangsu, Yu has previously worked in Guangdong as district governors in the city of Guangzhou, as well as propaganda chief of the provincial propaganda department. He joined the Communist Party of China in June 1976.

He came to prominence as the Mayor of Shenzhen, China's first and arguably most successful Special Economic Zone, in 2000. His performance led to his promotion to Vice Governor of Hunan province in 2003.

In 2005 he was promoted again to become Governor of the coal-rich province of Shanxi. During his time in Shanxi, he undertook several key initiatives including the closure of several thousand illegal coal mines and the improvement of environment. He came onto the international spotlight following the 2007 Chinese slave scandal involving children and migrant workers who were forced to work in kilns. He publicly apologized for the mishap, a rare occurence in China, and held himself accountable.

Yu resigned as governor on September 3 2007 as part of a wider Party reshuffle and is currently the Party Secretary of the Ministry of Culture.

Yao Zhen

Yao Zhen , 18 October 1915 - 4 November 2005, was a notable Chinese biologist and oncologist. He served the First President of Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology .

Life



Yao was born in Changshu, Jiangsu Province on 18 October 1915. Yao graduated from the Department of Biology of Zhejiang University in 1937. After graduation, he became a teaching assistant at the department. Yao received a scholarship from British Council and went to study in UK in 1946. Yao obtained Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1949.

Yao jointed the former Shanghai Institute of Experimental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in August 1950. He was the Vice-Director of the former CAS Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology.

Yao was a senior academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences . August 1988, Yao was elected as the 1st President of Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology.

Yao was the main founder and the first Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal ''Cell Research'' .

Yao also served as the Chief Director of Chinese Society for Cell Biology. Yao was a senior researcher and professor at Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is one of the most prestigious institutes for biological research in China .

When Yao was in Britain, his research mainly focused on the developmental embryology of drosophila. Yao made significant contributions to the researches of cell differentiation and development, and experimental cancer biology in China, thus is regarded as a pioneer in these domains in China.

Yao died in Shanghai on 4 November, 2005.

The name



Sometimes, Yao Zhen was called as YAO Xin by mistake, because the Chinese character ''Zhen'' is too similar to ''Xin'' .

Sometimes his name is also as T. Yao by Wade-Giles.

Extra links

Yan Jiaqi

Yan Jiaqi 嚴家其 is a Chinese political scientist, now a dissident and federalist.

In 1959, he entered the University of Science and Technology of China, and then became the director of the Institute of Political Research of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, where he published several essays and papers on political reform. In 1986, he published a “theory of leadership”. His most famous book, written in collaboration with his wife, was ''A Ten Year History of the Cultural Revolution''.

He became a political advisor of Zhao Ziyang during the 1980s, and was one of the leading intellectuals supporting the student movement in 1989. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, he fled to the USA. He was expelled from the Communist Party of China in 1991, while in exile.

He is a member of the Chinese Constitutional Reform Association and has suggested the formation of a Federal Republic of China.

Xu Shousheng

Xu Shousheng is a politician. Xu has served as the Governor of Gansu since January 2007.

Biography


Xu was born in China's Jiangsu Province in 1953. He joined the Communist Party of China, a prequisite for political office, in October 1973. He was transferred from Jiangsu to Gansu in 2001 when he was appointed to head the Communist Party of China's Gansu Provincial Committee organization department.

Xu Shousheng was first appointed as Governor of Gansu in January 2007. He was re-elected by the Gansu Provincial People's Congress on January 26, 2008.

As Governor of Gansu, Xu is responsible for the personnel, , economic, political and foreign affairs of the province. The Governorship ranks second in the province behind the Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary.

Wu Xinxiong

Wu Xinxiong is a politician. He has served as the Governor of Jiangxi since January 2007.

Biography


Wu was born in 1949 in eastern Jiangsu Province. He was first appointed the Governor of Jiangxi by the Jiangxi Provincial People's Congress in January 2007. He was subsequently re-elected by the legislature on January 28, 2008.

The Governor of Jiangxi is the second highest ranking official in Jianxi after the Secretary of the Jainxi Communist Party of China. The Governor is responsible for all matters related to personnel, the , economics, politics and foreign affairs relating to Jaingxi.

Wendi Deng

Wendi Murdoch is a born businesswoman, and wife of News Corporation Chairman and CEO Rupert Murdoch.

Deng was born and raised in Xuzhou, Jiangsu. She attended the local Xuzhou No. 1 Middle School. During high school, Deng's father relocated to Guangzhou to work at the People's Machinery Works, whilst Deng remained behind for a short while. Afterwards Deng joined her father in Guangzhou, and began medical studies. In 1987, at the age of 18, she met Jake Cherry , an American working for Guangzhou Engineering Factory, and his wife Joyce, who started teaching Deng English. In 1988 Mr and Mrs Cherry sponsored a student visa for Deng and she moved to America to live with the Cherrys and to study at California State University.

In their November 1, 2000 edition, the ''Wall Street Journal'' published an article in which claims were made about Deng's personal history. The authors claimed that, in 1990, Jake Cherry left his wife to marry Deng after his wife found photos her husband had taken of Deng in a Guangzhou hotel room. Four months through their marriage, the article said, Jake Cherry asked Deng to leave when he found out she had been seeing another man. Subsequently, several other news outlets carried or made reference to the ''Wall Street Journal'' article. The Murdochs have denounced these rumours as "malicious nonsense."

Cherry and Deng divorced after two years and seven months of marriage. Deng went on to apply to and be accepted by Yale University, where she received an MBA.

Deng has recently become a director and chief strategist for the holding company that licences the MySpace brand and technology to MySpace China, her first formal involvement in the media business since she left her job as a Vice President of News Corporation's STAR TV in Hong Kong in the late 1990s.

She married Rupert Murdoch on June 25, 1999. The couple have two children, Grace and Chloe, and live in Manhattan.

Wang Li (politician)

Wang Li was a propagandist and prominent member of the Cultural Revolution Group. Arrested by Chen Zaidao during the Wuhan Incident in July 1967 he was purged for "ultra-leftism" shortly afterwards.

Teng Wei-Zao

Professor TENG Wei-Zao, also known as Teng Weizao , , was a renowned economist and educator. He was former President of Nankai University, and the Chairman of China and United States Economic Association .

Teng was a pioneer of Chinese modern economics study, especially in the fields of multinational corporation and Japanese economy.

Life



Teng was born Funing, Jiangsu Province in Jan 1917. He graduated from the Department of Agriculture Economics, Zhejiang University in 1942. He did his postgraduate study at the National Southwestern Associated University during the Second Sino-Japanese War period.

1946, Teng was pointed as a teacher of Nankai University. 1950-1953, he served as the of the School of Economics, Nankai University. From October 1981 to January 1986, He was the President of Nankai University.

When Teng died in 2008, many prominent politicians came to his memorial ceremony.

Academic Positions


Chairman, China and United States Economic Association
Vice-chairman, Chinese World Economy Association

Work



''Transnational Corporations and China's Open Door Policy'' - book written by Teng Weizao

Extra links

Tang Jiaxuan

Tang Jiaxuan was foreign minister of the People's Republic of China from 1998–2003.

After various diplomatic postings in Japan, he became Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1991, Vice minister of foreign affairs in 1993 and Minister of foreign affairs from 1998 to 2003. He continues to serve on the .

Sheng Xuanhuai

Sheng Xuanhuai was the Minister of Transportation during the Qing Dynasty.

Taking active part in the Self-Strengthening Movement, He actively advocated using Western technology in saving the country from destitution. His influence was mainly felt in the southern part of China, specifically in Shanghai. He founded the famous Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the first southern university with an emphasis in mechanical engineering, architecture and Western military equipment. The university had and still has a close cooperative relationship with the Jiangnan ship building company, the largest ship building factory in China.

He played a significant role in reforming the education system in Shanghai and promoted Shanghai to be the most technological city in China.

In 1902, Sheng and British diplomat negotiated and signed the Sino-British "Mackay Treaty," which anticipated the abolition of extraterritoriality in China.

Shen Junru

Shen Junru was a Chinese politician and the first President of the Supreme People's Court of China.

Biography


Shen Junru was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu. He attended the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1949 and was appointed to be the first President of the Supreme People's Court from 1949 to 1954.

Pan Yin Tze

Pan Yin Tze also known as Poon Yin Chi or Pan Ying Zhi (潘迎紫; Date of birth June 5,1945) born in JiangSu province of China. A well known actress by the Chinese people in 1970-80's who was involved with a lot of martial art soap opera and movies.

Biography


*Pan Yin Tze started out in Hong Kong and was involved in a lot a lot of movies and stage shows. But Pan did not truly become famous until she went to Taiwan. It was in Taiwan when she take up the role as lead actress in 《Condor Heroes》, The Empress of the Dynasty, The Princess of the Dynasty created a sensation at the time. The shows were viewed by over 60% of the people out of all the shows shown at the same time.
*In 1972 she married a famous actor Chen Hung Lieh , but divorced in 1980.
*At the time Pan Yin Tze and Mun Fei was said by the Taiwan Television Circle to be the "Perfect couple on the Screen" due to their excellent performance in Condor Heroes.
*Pan Yin Tze did a lot of show with Taiwan's well know tv production company "China Television Company, Ltd." So people called her the "Lovely Young Mistress of Central TV channel " (At the time there were only 3 channels in Taiwan, Tai Channel , Central Channel and Hua Channel , China Television Company is the Central Channel.
*Even though Pan Yin Tze start out in the 1960's she never reveal her true age. People can never guess her age because she played a lot of young lady's role on the screen. Especially in "The Empress of the Dynasty《一代女皇》and "Empress Da Yu Er"《一代皇后大玉兒》 she played all the role of the girl from childhood to old age; which she has displayed an impressive acting job receive to be the most critically acclaimed role. Also because of her ability to play a teenage girls role over the year, she was given a nick name of "Baby Doll or Doll". And she was the first actress rumored to have cosmatic work done due to her ageless look.
*She is well know in China also because of her shows of "Empress of the Dynasty"《一代女皇》, "Condor Heroes"《神州俠侶》, "Empress Da Yu Er"《一代皇后大玉兒》and "The Quarrels with Mother-in-Law"《婆媳過招七十回》etc.

Filmography




Main Television Appearances


{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!Year!!TV show Name!!Character!!Co-Star!!TV company!!Running Dates'''
|-
|1983||One plus One does not equal Two ||Ten Ten-Ten ||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1984.4.14-1984.8.30
|-
|1983|| Autumn Water Lovers || Unknown || ||China Television Company, Ltd.||
|-
|1984||Return of Condor Heroes || Xiaolongnü ||Mun Fei ||China Television Company, Ltd.||1984.9.2-1984.10.7
|-
|1985||The Bride with White Hair ||||Mun Fei ||China Television Company, Ltd.||1985.3.31-1985.7.7
|-
|1985||Empress of Dynasty ||Wu Zetian , ||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1985.11.18-1986.1.10
|-
|1986||Princess of Dynasty ||Wu Zetian , ||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1986.4.8-1986.6.6
|-
|1986||Happy Home, All is well || ||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1986.10.6-1986.12.5
|-
|1987|| Song Queen of the Age ||||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1987.3.30-1987.5.22
|-
|1987||The Sacred Arrow of Spirit Mountain ||||Mun Fei ||China Television Company, Ltd.||
|-
|1988||Mama, Jili and Shao Ding-dong ||||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1988.8.1-1988.9.23
|-
|1988||Diao Chan ||Diao Chan ||, ||China Television Company, Ltd.||1988.10.25-1988.11.18
|-
|1990||Flame Bathing Phoenix ||Princess Mei , || ||China Television Company, Ltd.||1990.7.18-1990.9.11
|-
|1991||The Quarrels with Mother-in-Law ||||||China Television Company, Ltd.||1991.7.11-1991.9.13
|-
|1992||Empress Da Yu Er ||Empress , Da Yu Er ||, Sean Lau ||China Television Company, Ltd.||2001.8.15-2001.9.25
|-
|1993||Super Lady Patrol

Trivia


*Said to be the Goldie Hawn of Asia due to their similarity of their ageless look.
*Almost always play roles of young, beautiful lady in most of her acting careers
*Nicked named as "Doll" or "Ageless Legend".
*Co-stared with Mun Fei in a lot of show, people called them the "Perfect couple on screen".
*1972 she married actor Chen Hung Lieh whom she co-star with in many films but divorced in 1980.
*She's dubbed as the "Queen of China TV" because of all of her TV appearances were shown dramatically on the China TV network during the golden age of the 1980s and 90s.

Liu Yandong

Liu Yandong is an official of the Communist Party of China currently serving on the and as Vice-Chairman of the CPPCC.

Biography


A native of Nantong, Jiangsu, Liu graduated from Tsinghua University in 1970. She is the current head of the , an organization that keeps non-Communist Chinese political parties in line with the general ideology of the Communist Party. Having long been an ally of President Hu Jintao and ascended from the ranks of the Communist Youth League, she entered the 17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China in 2007. She is the only female member of the Politburo. At the 2008 National People's Congress she was elected State Councilor, and was not elected as a Vice-Premier.

Li Yuanchao

Li Yuanchao is a prominent politician in the People's Republic of China, serving on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. From 2002-2007 Li served as the Communist Party of China Secretary of Jiangsu, an area of significant economic development in recent years.

Biography


Li graduated with a bachelor degree in Mathematics at Fudan University and a doctoral degree in Economics at Beijing University. He has held the number-one position in Jiangsu since December 2002. At the time he was also concurrently the party chief in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu. During his tenure in Jiangsu, Li assessed local officials in terms of performance measured by social and environmental factors, as opposed to purely economic ones. An ally of President Hu Jintao, Li became the head of the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China after the 17th Party Congress in October 2007.

Kan-Chang Wang

Kan-Chang Wang was a nuclear physicist from China. He was one of the initiators of China's researches in nuclear physics, cosmic rays and particle physics. Wang Ganchang figured among the top leaders, pioneers and scientists of the nuclear deterrent program.
Member of the Chinese Academy of Science, and member of the Chinese Communist party.

In 1930, Wang first proposed to use a cloud chamber to study a new type of high-energy rays induced by the bombardment of beryllium with α particle, experiment conducted one year later by the English physicist James Chadwick, thus discovering a new type of particle, the neutron, allowing him to win the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Wang first proposed the use of beta-capture to detect the neutrino in 1941. Fifteen years later Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan employed his suggestion and detected the neutrino in 1956 winning forty years later the 1995
Nobel Prize in Physics.

Wang also led a group to discover the particle at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia in 1959.

After May 1950, he became researcher and vice-director of the Institute of Modern Physics . He was vice-director of the Soviet international research centre for nuclear sciences Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . From spring 1969, he was vice-director of the Ninth Research Institute , predecessor of the China Academy of Engineering Physics. He was director of the . He was deputy director of the Nuclear industry Science and Technology Commission . He was second vice-chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology . He was vice-chairman of the Chinese Physical Society . He was first chairman of the China Nuclear Society . He was a member of the third to 16th NPC Standing Committee. He died in 1998.

Early years



Wang Ganchang was born in Changshu City, Jiangsu Province , on May 28, 1907.
In 1924, he graduated from the Shanghai Pudong High School . He then studied English for six months and car driving and repair for six months. He passed the entrance examinations for Qinghua University in August 1928.

He graduated from the Physics Department of Qinghua University in June 1929. He then became assistant professor of Qinghua University from 1929 to 1930. In his thesis "''On the daily change of radon gas''" , he was the first in China to published on atmospheric research and radioactive experiments.

Overseas student in Germany



In 1930 he went to study at the University of Berlin in Germany.
As soon as he arrived in Berlin, hearing the relating the emission of a new type of high-energy neutral radiation which was non-ionizing but even more penetrating than the hardest gamma rays derived from radium, induced by the bombardment of beryllium with α particles from a radioactive polonium source, therefore wrongly presumed to be gamma rays, Wang first suggested the use of a cloud chamber to study it. Lacking the support of his supervisor Lise Meitner, the experiment was nonetheless conducted one year later by the English physicist James Chadwick, thus discovering a new type of particle, the neutron, allowing him to win the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Four years later in 1934, Wang Ganchang received his with a thesis on β decay spectrum under the supervision of Meitner before returning to China in April of that year.

Return to China



He first joined the Shandong University as a physics professor from 1934 to 1936 before becoming professor at the Zhejiang University and serving as head of the Department of Physics from October 1936 to 1950.

The WW II years



Following the in July 1937, Professor Wang Ganchang was forced to retreat with all the faculty of the Zhejiang University where he was a professor, to the primitive western mountainous hinterland of China.

Enduring difficult conditions, he nonetheless tried in 1939 to find on photographic films tracks of nuclear fission caused by neutron bombardment of cadmium acid.

In 1941, he first proposed an experiment to prove the existence of the neutrino by s in nuclear reactions. Unfortunately, he was unable to implement the experiment because of the war. Fifteen years later Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan employed his suggestion and detected the neutrino in 1956 winning forty years later the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Founding of the P.R. China



From April 1950 to 1956 he was a researcher at the CAS Institute of Modern Physics and served as deputy director from 1952. There, at the invitation of Qian Sanqiang of the Institute of Modern Physics, he started studies of cosmic-rays with a circular 12 feet cloud chamber. In 1952, he designed a magnetic cloud chamber.

Professor Wang was the first to propose to established China's first cosmic ray laboratory. Therefore, he directed the Luoxue Mountain Cosmic Rays Research Center in the Yunnan province high mountainous regions at 3185 meters above see level from 1953 to 1956.

His study of cosmic-rays lead him to published in 1955 his findings on neutral-meson decay.
By 1957 he had collected more than 700 recordings of new types of particles.

The USSR years



In order to develop high energy physics in China, the Chinese government began from 1956 to send some experts to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna in the USSR to do field work and carry out the preliminary design of accelerators. The agreement on the establishment of JINR was signed on March 26, 1956 in Moscow, Wang Ganchang being one of the founders.

In April 4, 1956, he went to the USSR to participate in planning the long-range development of peaceful utilization of atomic energy.
Then many students were sent to the former Soviet Union to learn the technologies of how to build accelerators and detectors. Thus, the experimental group lead by Professor Wang Ganchang analysing more than 40,000 photographs which recorded tens of thousands of nuclear interactions taken in the produced by the 10 GeV synchrophasotron used to bombard a target forming high energy mesons, was the first to discover the particles on March 9, 1959:

:\pi^- + C\to \bar\Sigma^- + K^0 + \bar K^0 + K^- + p^+ + \pi^+ + \pi^- + nucleus~~~recoil

The discovery of this new unstable antiparticle wich decays in ·10−10 into an antineutron and a negative pion was announced in September of that year:

Awards



He received the first prize of the ''National Natural Science Award'' in 1982.
He received the first prize of the ''National Science and Technology Progress Award'' in 1985. He received along with Qian Sanqiang both posthumously in September 1999 the special prize of '''' granted by the , the and Central Military Commission .

Selected literature by Wang Ganchang



K. C. Wang (王淦昌). ?ber die obere Grenze des kontinuierlichen β Strahlspektrums von RaE. Zeits. für Physik, 1932,74:744.
Kan Chang Wang. Uber die β-Spektren von ThB+C+C. Zeits für Physik, 1934,87:633.
Kan Chang Wang. A suggestion on the detection of the neutrino. Phys. Rev, 1942,61:97.
K. C. Wang and H. L. Tsao. An attempt at finding the relationship between the nuclear force and the gravitational force. Phys. Rev. 1944, 66:155.

K. C. Wang. A suggestion on a new experimental method for cosmic-ray particles. Science Record, 1945,1:387.
K. C. Wang and T. L. Chiang. On some chemical effects of γ-rays. Science Record, 1945,1:389.
K. C. Wang. Radioactivity of the neutron. Nature, 1945,155:574.
K. C. Wang and K. C. Cheng. A five-dimensional field theory. Phys. Rev. , 1946,70:516.
K. C. Wang. Proposed methods of detecting the neutrino. Phys. Rev. 1947,71:645.
K. C. Wang. An organic activated ZnO-ZnCl2 phosphorescent substance. Science Record, 1947,2:54.
S. C. Hsin and K. C. Wang. Phosphorescence produced by mechanical means. Chinese Journal of Physics, 1947,7 : 53.
Kan-Chang Wang and Stanley B. Jones. On the disintegration of mesotrons. Phys. Rev. 1948,74:1547.
王淦昌.中性介子(π)的发现及它的性质.物理通报,1951,1(1、2):34.
王淦昌,郑仁圻,吕敏.在铅板里发生的电子光子簇射.物理学报,1955,11(5):421.
王淦昌,肖健,郑仁圻,吕敏.一个中性重介子的衰变.物理学报,1955,11(6):493.
郑仁圻,吕敏,肖健,王淦昌.在云室中观察到一个K介子的产生及其核俘获.物理学报,1956,12(4):376.
王淦昌,吕敏,郑仁圻.一个长寿命的带电超子.科学记录(新辑),1957,1(2):21.
Ван Ган-чан и др. исследовавне упр угого pacceяния π Мезонов с импудьсом 6,8 GeV/c на протонах с помошью пропановой пузырь ковойкаме pы. ЖЭТФ, 1960,38:426.
Ван Ган-чан и др. Рожддение Антннротонов при взаимодсйствии π Мезонов с нуклонами. ЖэТФ, 1960,38:1010.
王淦昌,王祝翔,维克斯勒,维辽索夫,乌兰拉,丁大钊等.8.3GeV/c的负π介子所产生的Σ超子.物理学报,1960,16(7):365;ЖэТФ,1960,38:1356.
* 王淦昌,王祝翔,维克斯列尔,符拉娜,丁大钊等.在动量为6.8±6亿电子伏/c的π介子与质子相互作用下A(Σ)及K的产生.物理学报,1961,17(2):61;ЖэТФ,1961,40:464.
* 王淦昌,王祝翔.能量在10GeV以下的π-N,p-N和p-N相互作用.物理学报,1961,17:520.
*H. г. Бирзер, Ван Ган-чан, Ван Цу-чен, динда-цао идр. Неупругие взаимодействия π Мезонов с импульсом 6.8 GeV /c снуклонамц. ЖЭТФ, 1961,41 : 1461.
* 丁大钊,王祝翔,王淦昌.奇异粒子的强相互作用.物理学报,1962,18:334.
王淦昌.利用高功率激光驱动核聚变反应.(内部报告)1964.
王淦昌.国际上惯性约束核聚变情况简介和对我国在这方面工作的意见.(惯性约束核聚变讨论会文集)1982.9.
Wang Naiyan, Wang Ganchang. An 80-GW relativistic electron beam accelerator. Proceedings of the fifth International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, USA, 1983.
王淦昌,诸旭辉,王乃彦,谢京刚,李鹰山,周昌淮,王璞.6焦耳KrF激光的产生.核科学与工程,1985,5(1):1.
* 王淦昌,诸旭辉,王乃彦,谢京刚,李鹰山,周昌淮,王璞.12.5焦耳电子束泵浦KrF激光器.应用激光,1986,6(2):49.
王淦昌等.王淦昌论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1987.
徐宜志,王淦昌.闪光-1强流脉冲电子束加速器.原子核物理,1987,9(2):69.
N. Wang, G. Wang. 100 Joule level KrF laser pumped by intense electron beam. Proc of the 2nd Int. Workshop on KrF Laser Technology, Alberta, Canada, 1990.

Jiang Zemin

Jiang Zemin was the "core of the " of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.

Jiang came to power in the wake of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, replacing Zhao Ziyang, who was purged for being too conciliatory towards the protestors, as General Secretary. With the waning influence of Deng Xiaoping due to old age, Jiang effectively became "paramount leader" in the 1990s. Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with , saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Known to be one of China's more charismatic political figures, Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. Critics also point to Jiang's inability to maintain control on various social imbalances and problems that surfaced during his term. Traditionalist communists in China charge Jiang of being a revisionist leader who legitimized outright capitalism. His contribution to the Marxist doctrine, a list of guiding ideologies by which the CCP rules China, is called the theory of the Three Represents, which has been written into the and constitutions.

Background and ascendancy


Jiang was born in the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu. His ancestral home, a notion important in traditional Chinese society, was the Jiang Village , Jingde County of the old Huizhou in southern Anhui Province, which was also the hometown of a number of prominent figures in Chinese academic and intellectual establishments. Jiang grew up during the years of . His uncle, Jiang Shangqing, died fighting the Japanese, and was considered a martyr. Jiang attended the National Central University in the Japanese-occupied Nanjing before being transferred to Shanghai Jiaotong University. He graduated there in 1947 with a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He claimed that he joined the Communist Party of China when he was in college . After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Jiang received his training at the in Moscow in the 1950s. He worked for Changchun's First Automobile Works. He eventually got transferred to government services, where he began rising in rank, becoming a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Minister of Electronic Industries in 1983. In 1985 he became Mayor of Shanghai, and subsequently the Party Chief of Shanghai.

Jiang received mixed reviews as mayor. Many of his critics dismissed him as a "flower vase", a Chinese term used to describe a decorative but useless person. Many credited Shanghai's growth during the period to Zhu Rongji . Jiang was an ardent believer, during this period, in Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. In an attempt of curbing student discontent in 1986, Jiang recited the Gettysburg Address in English in front of a group of student protesters.

Jiang was described as having a passable command of several foreign languages, including , , and . One of his favorite activities was to engage foreign visitors in small talks on art and literature in their native language, in addition to singing foreign songs in the original language. He became friends with Allen Broussard, the African American judge who visited Shanghai in 1987 and Brazilian actress Lucelia Santos.

Jiang was elevated to national politics in 1987, automatically becoming a member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee because it is customarily dictated that the Party Chief of Shanghai would also have a seat in the Politburo. In 1989, China was in crisis over the , and the Central Government was in conflict on how to handle the protesters. In June, Deng Xiaoping dismissed liberal Zhao Ziyang, who was considered too conciliatory to student protestors. Jiang, at the time, was the , the top figure in China's new economic center. In an incident with the ''World Economic Herald'', Jiang closed down the newspaper, deeming it harmful. The handling of the crisis in Shanghai was noticed by Beijing, and then paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping. As the protests escalated and then Party-chief Zhao Ziyang was removed from office, Jiang was selected by the Party leaders as a compromise candidate over Tianjin's Li Ruihuan, Premier Li Peng, Chen Yun, and the retired elders to become the new General Secretary. At the time he was considered to be an unlikely candidate. Within three years Deng had transferred most power in the state, party and military to Jiang.

Early leadership


Jiang was elevated to the country's top job in 1989 with a fairly small power base inside the party, and thus, very little actual power. He was believed as simply a transitional figure until a more stable successor government to Deng could be put in place. Other prominent Party and military figures like Yang Shangkun and brother Yang Baibing were believed to be planning a coup. Jiang used Deng Xiaoping as a back-up to his leadership in the first few years. Jiang, who was believed to have a neo-conservative slant, warned against "bourgeois liberalization". Deng's belief, however, stipulated that the only solution to keeping the legitimacy of Communist rule over China was to continue the drive for modernization and economic reform, and therefore placed himself at odds with Jiang.

Deng grew critical of Jiang's leadership in 1992. During Deng's southern tours, he subtly suggested that the pace of reform was not fast enough, and the "central leadership" had most responsibility. Jiang grew ever more cautious, and rallied behind Deng's reforms completely. In 1993, Jiang coined the new term "Socialist Market Economy" to move China's centrally-planned socialist economy into essentially a government-regulated capitalist market economy. It was a huge step to take in the advancement of Deng's "Socialism with Chinese characteristics". At the same time, Jiang elevated many of his supporters from Shanghai to high government positions, after regaining Deng's confidence. He abolished the outdated Central Advisory Committee, an advisory body composed of revolutionary party elders. He became Chairman of the Central Military Commission in 1989, followed by his election to the in March 1993.

Presidency



Deng Xiaoping died in early 1997, and China, emerging gradually out of the Deng-era reforms and the relative stability of the early 1990s, faced a myriad of economic and social problems. At Deng's funeral, Jiang gave the official eulogy. Jiang had inherited a China rampant with government corruption, and regional economies growing too rapidly for the stability of the entire country. Deng's idea that "some areas can get rich before others" gave rise to an opening wealth gap between coastal regions and the hinterlands. The unprecedented economic growth had inevitably led to the closing of many State-owned Entreprises , and a staggering unemployment rate that hit 40% in some urban areas. Stock markets fluctuated greatly. The scale of rural migration into urban areas was unprecedented anywhere in the world, and little was being done to address an ever-increasing urban-rural wealth gap. Official reports put the figure on the percentage of China's GDP being moved and abused by corrupt officials at 10%. A chaotic environment of illegal bonds issued from civil and military officials resulted in much of the corrupted wealth to end up in foreign countries. levels had returned, if not exceeded that of the Republican era in the 1940s. A surge in crime rates and the reemergence of organized crime began to plague cities. A careless stance on the destruction of the environment furthered concerns voiced by intellectuals. Jiang's biggest aim in the economy was stability, and he believed that a stable government with highly centralised power would be a prerequisite, choosing to postpone political reform, which in many facets of governance exacerbated the on-going problems. Jiang continued pouring funds to develop the Special Economic Zones and coastal regions.

Jiang is believed to be the first Chinese leader to truly manipulate the medium of television to enhance his own image, gaining a reputation for charisma. Beginning in 1996, Jiang began a series of reforms in the state-controlled media aimed at promoting the "core of leadership" under himself, and at the same time crushing some of his political opponents. The personality enhancements in the media were largely frowned upon during the Deng era, and had not been seen since Mao and Hua Guofeng's time in office in the late 1970s. The People's Daily and -1's 7PM National News each had Jiang-related events as the front-page or top stories, a fact that remained until Hu Jintao's media administrative changes in 2006. He appeared casual in front of Western media, and gave an unprecedented interview with of CBS in 2000 at Beidaihe. He would often use foreign languages in front of the camera, albeit not always comprehensible. In an encounter with a Hong Kong reporter in 2000 regarding the central government's apparent "imperial order" of supporting Tung Chee-hwa to seek a second term as Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Jiang branded the Hong Kong journalists infamously as "too simple, sometimes naive" in English. The event was shown on Hong Kong television that night, an event regarded to be in poor taste outside China.

Since 1999, the media has also played an integral role in the , which is believed to be an act under the direction of Jiang himself, and has been heavily criticized by the West. Jiang reputedly came under conflict with then premier Zhu Rongji over how to contain the fast-growing spiritual movement. Following the ban of the group, the police had also began arresting its coordinators and breaking up demonstrations, despite protests by various human rights groups.

Foreign Policy


Jiang went on a groundbreaking State Visit to the United States in 1997, drawing various crowds in protest from the Tibet Independence Movement to the Falun Gong practitioners. He made a speech at Harvard University, part of it in passable English, but could not escape questions on democracy and freedom. In the official summit meeting with US President Bill Clinton, the tone was relaxed as Jiang and Clinton sought common ground while largely ignoring areas of disagreement. Clinton would visit China in February 1999, and vowed that China and the United States were partners in the world, and not adversaries. When American-led NATO in Belgrade in 1999, Jiang seemed to have put up a harsh stance for show at home, but in reality only performed symbolic gestures of protest, and no solid action. Much of Jiang's foreign policy was focused on international trade and economic integration. A personal friend of former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Jiang strengthened China's economic stature abroad, attempting to establish cordial relations with countries whose trade is largely confined to the American economic sphere.

Economic development



Jiang did not specialize in economics, and in 1997 handed a big chunk of the economic governance of the country to Zhu Rongji, who became , and remained in office through the Asian Financial Crisis. Under their joint leadership, Mainland China has sustained an average of 8% growth annually, achieving the highest rate of per capita economic growth in major world economies, raising eyebrows around the world with its astonishing speed. This was mostly achieved by continuing the process of a transition to a market economy. Economists, however, charge Jiang with creating a bubble economy that could fall apart at any time. Strong Party control over economic affairs, however, remained, as Jiang was unrelenting in the centralization of power. The achievements during Jiang's presidency were cemented by the PRC's successful bid to join the World Trade Organization and Beijing winning the bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Entrenching Three Represents


Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside Marxism-Leninism, , and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CPC Congress in 2002. Although contradictory to Marxism and Maoism in many facets, it was also written into China's Constitution. Critics believe this is just another piece added to Jiang's cult of personality, others have seen practical applications of the theory as a guiding ideology in the future direction of the CPC. Largely speculated to step down from all positions by international media, rival Li Ruihuan's resignation in 2002 prompted analysts to rethink the man. The theory of Three Represents was believed by many political analysts to be Jiang's effort at extending his vision to Marxist-Leninist Principles, and therefore elevating himself alongside previous Chinese Marxist philosophers Mao and Deng.

Gradual retirement



In 2002, Jiang stepped down from the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China to make way for a "fourth generation" of leadership headed by Hu Jintao, marking the beginning of a transition of power that would last several years. Hu assumed Jiang's title as party chief, becoming the new general secretary of the . Six out of the nine new members of Standing Committee at the time were believed considered part of Jiang's so-called "Shanghai Clique", the most prominent being Vice President Zeng Qinghong and Executive Vice Premier Huang Ju.

Although Jiang retained the chairmanship of the powerful Central Military Commission, most members of the commission are professional military men. ''Liberation Army Daily'', a publication thought to represent the views of the CMC majority, printed an article on 11 March 2003 which quotes two army delegates as saying, "Having one center is called 'loyalty', while having two centers will result in 'problems.'" This was widely interpreted as a criticism of Jiang's attempt to exercise dual leadership with Hu on the model of Deng Xiaoping.

Hu succeeded Jiang as president of the People's Republic of China on 15 March 2003. To the surprise of many observers, evidence of Jiang's continuing influence on public policy abruptly disappeared from the official media. Jiang was conspicuously silent during the SARS crisis, especially when compared to the very public profile of Hu and Wen Jiabao. It has been argued that the institutional arrangements created by the 16th Congress have left Jiang in a position where he cannot exercise much influence. Although many of the members of the Politburo Standing Committee are associated with him, the Standing Committee does not have command authority over the civilian bureaucracy.


On 19 September 2004, after a four-day meeting of the 198-member , Jiang resigned as chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, his last party post. Six months later he resigned his last significant post, chairman of the State CMC. This followed weeks of speculation that Hu Jintao's supporters in the Communist Party leadership were pressing Jiang to step aside. Jiang's term was supposed to have lasted until 2007. Hu also succeeded Jiang as the CMC chairman, but, in an apparent political defeat for Jiang, Xu Caihou, and not Zeng Qinghong was appointed to succeed Hu as vice chairman. This power transition officially marks the end of Jiang's era in China, which roughly lasted from 1993 to 2004.

Although Jiang has been seldom seen in public since giving up his last official title in 2004, he was with Hu Jintao on stage at a ceremony celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army, and toured the Military Museum of the Chinese Peoples Revolution with Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, and other former senior officials. In 8 August 2008, Jiang appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics Games.

Legacy


Historians and biographers have disputed what can be accounted into "Jiang Zemin's legacy". Jiang himself had wanted his Three Represents theory, called an "important thought" on the Mainland, to become his ideological legacy. Although the theory has been codified into both the State and Party constitutions alongside Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, its actual effect is yet to be assessed, and it seems to be losing ground to Hu Jintao's ''Scientific Development Concept'' and ''Harmonious Society'' ideologies within the party. Jiang has come under quiet criticism from within the Communist Party of China for focusing on economic growth at all costs while ignoring the resulting environmental damage of the growth, the widening gap between rich and poor in China and the social costs absorbed by those whom economic reform has left behind. By contrast, the policies of his successors, Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao have widely been seen as efforts to address these imbalances and move away from a sole focus on economic growth toward a broader view of development which incorporates non-economic factors such as health and the environment.

Domestically, Jiang's legacy and reputation is mixed. While some people attribute the period of relative stability and growth in the 1990s to Jiang's term, others argue that Jiang did little to correct mistakes resulting from Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms, leaving the next administration facing innumerable problems, some of which are too late to adjust. Jiang's obsession with image has also spurred a trend of ''face projects'' around the country, with local governments lending enormous funds to large and mostly unnecessary construction projects. Jiang's Theory of Three Represents justified the incorporation of the new capitalist business class into the party, and changed the founding ideology of the CPC from protection of the peasantry and workers to that of the "overwhelming majority of the people", a euphemism aimed at including the growing entrepreneurial class. Conservative critics within the party have quietly denounced this as betrayal of the communist ideology, while reformers have praised Jiang as a visionary. Such a move, however, increasingly justified a newly found correlation between the business and ruling elites, thus significantly linking bureaucracy and financial gain, which critics argue fosters more corruption. Some have suggested that this is the part of Jiang's legacy that will last, at least in name, as long as the communists remain in power.

Many biographers of Jiang have noted that his government resembled an oligarchy as opposed to an autocratic dictatorship. Many of his policies have been attributed to others in government, notably Premier Zhu Rongji, whose tense relationship with Jiang was of widespread speculation, especially following Jiang's decision to suppress the Falun Gong movement. Jiang is often credited with the gains in foreign affairs during his term, but at the same many Chinese criticize him for being too conciliatory towards the United States and Russia. The issue of Chinese reunification between the mainland and Taiwan gained ground during Jiang's term, as Cross-Strait talks led to the eventual Three Links after Jiang stepped down as President. The began construction under Jiang, and was welcomed by many Tibetans, although seen by a few of them to be a purely political move. Jiang was also accused of appeasement towards the Japanese and Americans in diplomacy.

Jiang has been criticized by ''Falun Gong'', a vocal spiritual group who allege that Jiang and the CPC under his leadership to have persecuted their members. The newspaper ''Epoch Times'' has published a book deeply critical of Jiang titled ''Anything for Power: The Real Story of China’s Jiang Zemin'', claiming various scandals and human rights violations attributed by Jiang and during his presidency, including his family background, his crackdown of Falun Gong, and his alleged relationship with singer Song Zuying.

References and further reading



*Gilley, Bruce. "Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 395pp. This was the first biography of Jiang to appear in the West. A comprehensive and highly readable journalistic account of Jiang's early years, his ascendancy within the Party bureaucracy, and his ultimate rise to power as Deng Xiaoping's successor in the wake of Tiananmen.
* = ''The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin'', Random House 2005. Century Publishing Group, Shanghai 2005. The book is a general biography of Jiang with a more favorable stance towards him.
** = English language review of biography by Dr. Kuhn.
*. "The Era of Jiang Zemin"; Prentice Hall, Singapore: 1999. General Jiang-era background information and analysis, not comprehensive biography.

Jiang Ximing

JIANG Ximing , was a notable zoologist and politician.

Life



Jiang was born in 1913 in Guanyun, Jiangsu Province. July 1936, Jiang graduated from the Department of Biology, Zhejiang University. Just after his graduation, Jiang became a lecturer in the same department. February 1937, Jiang married to Xu Ruiyun . Xu Ruiyun later became the first Chinese woman who had a PhD degree in mathematics.

May 1937, Jiang was rewarded a scholarship so that he could study in Germany. 1940, Jiang received PhD from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Jiang went back to China, and became a professor in the Department of Biology at Zhejiang University. He later became the director of the department.

After 1949, Jiang served as the vice-president of Zhejiang Normal College , the president of Hangzhou Normal College . He also served as the vice-president of Hangzhou University, and later became an adviser of the university.

Jiang was the vice-president of the China Zoological Society . He also served twice as the vice-president of the Zhejiang Provincial . In 1984, Jiang became a member of the Communist Party of China.

Ji Baocheng

Ji Baocheng is the President of Renmin University of China.

Biogryphy


Ji Baocheng was born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu in 1944. He attended the Beijing Institute of Business? from 1962 to 1966. After ten years as a worker in Hubei province, he returned to Renmin University of China in 1978 as graduate student, teacher, and dean.

He moved to the in 1991 and to the Higher Education Division of the State Education Committee in 1996. He was named president of Renmin University of China in 2000.

Ji was chief editor of several books on marketing, and management, the most recent being "A Comparative Study of International Business Education" in 1998.

Huang Xu

Huang Xu is a artistic gymnast. He specializes on the pommel horse and the parallel bars. Huang represented China at the 2000 Summer Olympics and was a member of the . At the , he placed fourth in the pommel horse and fifth with the Chinese team during the . He is the on the parallel bars, and has been a member of four World Champion Chinese teams .

He has been named to the .

Huang Minlon

Huang Minlon , was a renowned chemist and scientist. Huang is considered as a pioneer and founder of in China.

Life



Huang was born in late Qing Dynasty in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province on 3 July 1898. In 1917, Huang graduated from Yangzhou Middle School. In 1918, Huang graduated from the Zhejiang Provincial College of Medicine .

In 1924, Huang obtained PhD from the University of Berlin, Germany.

In 1925, Huang went back to China and became a professor and later a head of department at Zhejiang Provincial College of Medicine.

During 1934-1940, Huang did research works in Germany and UK.

Huang came back to China in 1940 and became a senior reseacher at Academia Sinica. Huang was also a professor at the National Southwestern Associated University .

During 1945-1952, Huang was a visiting professor in USA . Huang also visited the Merck & Co..

In 1952, Huang came back to China. Huang served as the Head of Department of Chemistry, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of . Huang was also a senior researcher at the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the .

Huang is regarded as one of pioneers and founders of morden pharmaceutical industries in China. Huang was a senior academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences . Huang was the Vice-president and later the Honorary-president of the Chinese Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences .

Huang published more than 100 papers, in both and .

Huang-Minlon modification



The Huang Modification or Huang-Minlon Modification is named after Huang Minlon. It was the first time that a Chinese name appeared in an organic chemical reaction.

It's a short-cut for the Wolff-Kishner reduction and involves heating the carbonyl compound, potassium hydroxide, and hydrazine hydrate together in ethylene glycol in a . Huang did this development in 1945 when he was in USA.

''Please also see :de:Bild:tosylhydrazon.png, the shemetic indication of Huang Modification''

In many sources, it's also mentioned such method as Wolff-Kishner-Huang Reduction , or in German ''Wolff-Kishner/Huang-Minlon Reduktion'' .

''Please also check the German source: ''

In some sources, people think ''Huang'' and ''Minlon'' are two different persons. It's in fact a mistake, ''Huang'' is his family name and ''Minlon'' is his first name. ''Huang Minlon'' is the Wade-Giles spelling, and ''Huang Minglong'' is its Pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters in his name.

Extra links

Hu Jintao

Hu Jintao is currently the of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang Zemin in the of the People's Republic of China. Since his ascendancy Hu has reinstated certain controls on the economy and has been largely conservative with political reforms. His foreign policy is seen as less conciliatory than that of his predecessor, though China's global influence has increased while he has been in office.

Hu's rise to the presidency represents China's transition of leadership from old, establishment Communists to younger, more pragmatic s. For most of Hu's adult life he has been involved in the Communist party bureaucracy, notably as Party Chief for the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then later under Jiang Zemin. An advocate for China's peaceful rise, Hu's political philosophy is summarily described as aiming to found a basis for a ''Harmonious Society'' domestically and for ''Peaceful Development'' internationally, the former generated by a Scientific Development Concept, which seeks integrated solutions to tackle China's various .

Early life


Hu Jintao was born in Jiangyan, Jiangsu on 21 December 1942. His branch of the family migrated from Jixi of Anhui Province to Jiangyan during his grandfather's generation.

Even though his father owned a small tea trading business in , the family was relatively poor. His mother died when he was seven, and he was raised by an aunt. Hu's father was later denounced during the Cultural Revolution, an event that apparently had a deep effect upon Hu, who diligently tried to clear his father's name.

Hu was a talented student in high school, excelling in activities such as singing and dancing. In 1964, while still a student at Beijing's Tsinghua University, Hu joined the Communist Party of China, prior to the Cultural Revolution. He graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering in 1965. At Tsinghua University Hu met a fellow student Liu Yongqing, now his wife. They have a son and daughter, Hu Haifeng and Hu Haiqing respectively.

In 1968, Hu volunteered for service in Gansu and worked for a hydro-power station while also managing Party affairs for the local branch of the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power. From 1969 to 1974, Hu worked for Sinohydro Engineering Bureau, as an engineer.

Early political career


In 1974, Hu was transferred to the Construction Department of Gansu as a secretary. The next year he was promoted to vice senior chief. In 1980, Deng Xiaoping implemented the "Four Transformations" program, which aimed to produce communist leaders who were "more revolutionary, younger, more knowledgeable, and more specialized." In response to this nation-wide search for young party members, Song Ping, the first secretary of CPC Gansu Committee discovered Hu Jintao and promoted him several ranks to the position of deputy head of the commission. Another protégé of Song, Wen Jiabao, also became prominent at the same time.

In 1981, Hu, along with Deng Xiaoping's daughter Deng Nan and Hu Yaobang's son Hu Deping, were trained in the Central Party School in Beijing. Hu made a good impression on Deng Nan, who happened to report it to her father. Hu Deping even invited Hu Jintao to his home and met with Hu Yaobang, who was a standing member of the politburo at that time. Hu Jintao's modesty created an impact on Hu Yaobang.

In 1982, Hu was promoted to the position of Communist Youth League Gansu Branch Secretary. His mentor Song Ping was transferred to Beijing as Minister of Organization of the Communist Party of China, and was in charge of senior cadres' recommendation, candidacy and promotion. With the support of Hu Yaobang and Deng Xiaoping, Hu was ensured of a bright future in the party. At Song Ping's suggestion, in 1982 central Party authorities invited Hu to Beijing to study at the Central Party School. Soon after, he was transferred to Beijing and appointed as secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee . Two years later Hu was promoted to First Secretary of CY Central, thus its actual leader. During his term in the Youth League, Hu escorted Hu Yaobang, who was General Secretary of CPC then, in visits around the country. Hu Yaobang, himself a veteran coming from the Youth League, could reminiscence his youth through Hu's company.


Party Committee Secretary of Guizhou


In 1985, Hu Yaobang pushed for Hu Jintao to be transferred to Guizhou as the provincial Committee Secretary of Communist Party of China. In contrast to the members of the "Shanghai clique", Hu spent most of his career in China's poorer hinterland rather than in the economically prosperous coastal regions. Partly because of this, he was relatively unknown to Western analysts before his ascent to power. In 1987 Hu Jintao handled the local students protest parallel to the Democracy Wall carefully, whereas in Beijing similar protests resulted in Hu Yaobang's forced resignation. during the 1980s, Hu Jintao, was the director of the All China Youth Federation.

Working in Tibet


In June 1988, the Party Secretary in collapsed from altitude sickness and had to resign. Party head Zhao Ziyang proposed Hu because he had already worked in two of China's poorer provinces. On 10 December 1988, the Tibetan capital Lhasa was rocked by riots. Soon afterward, on 28 January 1989, the revered Panchen Lama died, an event in which many Tibetans believe Hu was involved. Beijing's Central committee ordered Hu's subordinate, the local government chairman, to declare martial law in Lhasa. This was the first such order in the history of the People's Republic, setting a precedent for the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown.

According to the Hong Kong-published book ''The Fourth Generation'', “Hu told a friend at this time that he felt pessimistic about his future. It seemed that he had reached a dead end in his career and would never rise beyond the level of provincial Party secretary.” As in Guizhou, he made no lasting impact on Tibet. He found it difficult to get used to the altitude and spent an average of five months of the year in Beijing. , as the organization chief, recommended Hu as an ideal candidate for the prospect of a future leader. As a result, shortly before his 50th birthday, Hu Jintao became the youngest member of the seven-member , and the second youngest Politburo Standing Committee member ever since the CCP had seized power in 1949.

In 1993, Hu took charge of the Secretariat of the Central Committee, which oversaw day-to-day operations of the Central Committee, and the Central Party School, which was convenient for him to bring up his own supporters among senior cadres. Hu was also put in charge of the ideological work of the . Although Hu was considered heir apparent to Jiang, he always took great care to ensure that Jiang be at the center of the spotlight. In late 1998, Hu promoted Jiang's unpopular movement of the "Three Stresses" "stress study, stress politics, and stress healthy trends" giving speeches to promote it. In 2001, he publicized Jiang's Three Represents theory, which Jiang hoped to place him on the same level as other Marxist theoreticians. As a result, he left the public with an impression of being low-key, courteous, and adept at forming coalitions. In 1998, Hu became Vice-President of China, and Jiang wanted Hu to play a more active role in foreign affairs. Hu became China's leading voice during the in Belgrade in 1999.

When the transition finally took place in the 16th National Congress of the CPC in 2002, was reluctant to leave the center of power. It was widely believed that he staffed the Politburo with many members of the so-called "Shanghai Clique", including Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju and Li Changchun, which could ensure 's control behind the stage. held on to the position of Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

Presidency



Since taking over as Party General Secretary at the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Hu and his premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed to set up a Harmonious Society which aims at lessening the inequality and changing the style of the "GDP first and Welfare Second" policies. They focused on sectors of the Chinese population that have been left behind by the economic reform, and have taken a number of high profile trips to the poorer areas of China with the stated goal of understanding these areas better. Hu and Wen Jiabao have also attempted to move China away from a policy of favouring economic growth at all costs and toward a more balanced view of growth that includes factors in social inequality and environmental damage, including the use of the green gross domestic product in personnel decisions. Jiang's clique, however, maintained control in most developing areas, therefore Hu and Wen's measures of macroeconomic regulation faced great resistance.

SARS crisis


The first crisis of Hu's leadership happened during the outbreak of in 2003. Following strong criticism of China for initially covering up and responding slowly to the crisis, he dismissed several party and government officials, including the health minister, who supported Jiang, and the Mayor of Beijing, Meng Xuenong, widely perceived as Hu's protégé. Meng's dismissal was sometimes seen as a yielding compromise to erode Jiang's support in the party. Hu and Wen took steps to increase the transparency of China's reporting to international health organizations, indirectly dealing a blow to Jiang's stance on the issue.

Another test of Hu's leadership was Beijing's low key response to protests against the implementation of in Hong Kong in 2003. In an unprecedented move, the legislation to implement the Article was withdrawn by the Hong Kong government, after a large popular protest on 1 July 2003. At the same time, Hu gave a public show of support to Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee-Hwa after gauging public mood in Hong Kong. Many observers see the Central Government's handling of the situation as characteristic of Hu's quiet style, and unlike Tung Chee-Hwa, Hu remains a popular figure in Hong Kong.


Succession of Jiang Zemin



On 15 November 2002, a new Hu Jintao-led Politburo nominally succeeded Jiang Zemin. Although Jiang, then 76, stepped down from the powerful Politburo Standing Committee to make way for a younger '''' of leadership, there was speculation that Jiang would retain significant influence because Hu is not associated with Jiang's influential ''Shanghai clique'', to which six out of the nine members of the all-powerful Standing Committee were believed to be linked. However, later developments show that many of its members have shifted their positions. Zeng Qinghong, for example, moved from a disciple of Jiang to serving as an intermediary between the two factions. In 2003, Jiang was also reelected to the post of Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPC, a post from which Deng Xiaoping was able to wield power from behind the scenes as ''paramount leader'', thus retaining military power.

Western observers attribute a sense of caution to Hu's philosophies, citing China's recent history of fallen heirs. Deng Xiaoping appointed three party secretaries, all designed to be successors, and was instrumental in the ousting of two of them, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang. His third and final selection, Jiang Zemin, won Deng's continued, although ambiguous backing and was the only party secretary in Communist Chinese history to voluntarily leave his post when his term ended.

Although many believe Hu was originally hand-picked by Deng as the youngest member of China's top leadership and a leading candidate to succeed Jiang, he had exercised a great deal of political skills between 1992 and 2002 to consolidate his position, and eventually emerged as Jiang's heir apparent in his own right. Hu also benefited from the slow but progressive institutionalization of power succession within the Party. As a result, attempts to draw parallels with regards to Hu's succession is unreasonable. Since the early 1980s, the People's Republic of China has been marked by progressive institutionalization and rule by consensus, and moved away from the Maoist authoritarian model. Although a western-style legal institution and rule of law remain to be put in place, Hu's power succession was conducted in a fairly orderly and civil manner, which was unprecedented in Communist China's history. This trend is expected to continue and an institutionalized mechanism of power transition is expected to emerge, first perhaps within the Party. In fact, it has been one of the Party's stated major goals to create an orderly system of succession and mechanism to prevent informal rule and a cult of personality.

The rivalry between Jiang and Hu after Jiang stepped down from his posts was, arguably, an inevitable product of China's tradition of succession. Some analysts argue that although Jiang has consolidated power by the time he retired, his ideological stature within the Communist Party remains shaky at best, thus Jiang had to buy time to ensure that his ideological legacy such as the Three Represents, is enshrined in China's socialism doctrine. Jiang resigned as Chairman of the Central Military Commission in September 2004, his last official post. Whether this is the result of pressure from Hu or a personal decision is up for speculation. Since then Hu has officially taken on the three institutions in the People's Republic of China where power lie, the state, the party, as well as the , thus informally, has become the paramount leader. The Hu-Jiang split, however, remains. Officially, Hu has been promoting Jiang's legacy by beginning a mass campaign in August 2006 promoting the ''Selected Works of Jiang Zemin'', a collection of speeches and essays documenting Jiang's philosophies. Hu had corruption charges brought against Shanghai's leader to get rid of Jiang's man.

Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao inherited a China wrought with internal social, political and environmental problems. One of the biggest challenges Hu faces is the large wealth disparity between the Chinese rich and poor, for which discontent and anger mounted to a degree which wreaked havoc on communist rule. Furthermore, the cronyism and corruption plaguing China's civil service, military, educational, judicial and medical systems sought to destroy the country bit by bit. In the beginning of 2006, however, Hu launched the "" movement in a bid to promote a more selfless and moral outlook amongst the population. China's increasingly fragile environment has caused massive urban pollution, sandstorms and the destruction of vast tracts of habitable land. It remains to be seen if Hu, usually cautious in nature, is capable of managing the continued peaceful development of China while avoiding international incidents, at the same time presiding over an unprecedented increase in Chinese nationalist sentiment.

At the 11th National People's Congress, Hu was re-elected as President on 15 March 2008. He was also re-elected as Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

Positions


Scientific Perspective and Harmonious Society



Observers indicate that Hu distinguishes himself from his predecessor in both domestic and foreign policy. President Hu Jintao's overarching vision, his political philosophy is summarized by three slogans — a “Harmonious Society” domestically and a “Peaceful Development” internationally, the former generated by a “Scientific Development Perspective,” which seeks integrated sets of solutions to arrays of economic, environmental and social problems, and recognizes, in inner circles, a need for political reform . The role of the Party has changed, as formulated by Deng Xiaoping and implemented by Jiang Zemin, from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. Hu continues the Party’s modernization, calling for both "Advancement" of the Party and its increasing transparency in governance, thus creating the so-called "democracy of the elite" — not his or China’s description — which is still far from the Western ideal.

What emerges in the view of President Hu is the "China Model," a systematic approach to national structure and development that combines dynamic economic growth, a free market energized by a vigorous “nonpublic” sector, unrelenting political and media control, personal but not political freedoms, concern for the welfare of all citizens, cultural enlightenment, and a synergistic approach to diverse social issues that lead, in Hu’s vision, to a Harmonious Society. Beijing sees its China Model as an alternative to Washington’s Democracy Model, particularly for developing countries. In Hu’s words, "A harmonious society should feature democracy, the rule of law, equity, justice, sincerity, amity and vitality." Such a society, he says, will give full scope to people's talent and creativity, enable all the people to share the social wealth brought by reform and development, and forge an ever closer relationship between the people and government.

Western criticism of Hu, particularly regarding human rights, exposes his hypersensitivity to social stability but misses his fresh commitment to address China’s . Hu’s pragmatic, non-ideological agenda has two core values—maintaining social stability to further economic development and sustaining Chinese culture to enrich national sovereignty. In domestic policy, he seems to want more openness to the public on governmental functions and meetings. Recently, China's news agency published many Politburo Standing Committee meeting details. He also cancelled many events that are traditionally seen as communist extravagances, such as the lavish send-off and welcoming-back ceremonies of Chinese leaders when visiting foreign lands. Furthermore the Chinese leadership under Hu has also focused on such problems as the gap between rich and poor and uneven development between the interior and coastal regions. Both party and state seem to have moved away from a definition of development that focuses solely on growth and toward a more balanced definition which includes social equality and environment effects.

In 2004, Hu gave an unprecedented showing and ordered all cadres from the five major power functions to stop the tradition of going to the Beidaihe seaside retreat for their annual summer meeting which, before, was commonly seen as a gathering of ruling elites from both current and elder cadres to decide China's destiny, and also an unnecessary waste of public funds. The move was seen by the Chinese public as symbolic of Hu's attitude towards corruption.

In June 2007, Hu gave an important speech at the Central Party School that was indicative of his position of power and his guiding philosophies. In the speech Hu used a very populist tone to appeal to ordinary Chinese, making serious note of the recent challenges China has been facing, especially with regards to income disparity. In addition, Hu noted the need for "increased democracy" in the country. Although the term has different meanings in the party than it does in the general Western sense, it shows that Hu's administration has placed political reform as an important part of the agenda in the coming years, a tone that was nonexistent during the Jiang era.

Foreign policy



In , Hu has focused on moving away from a Jiang's U.S.-centered foreign policy, with more diverse alliances with countries, such as Venezuela, Iran, Canada, and Australia. He has also differed from his predecessor by actively engaging in the current North Korea nuclear crisis. He has also assured neighbours in the region with the concept of China's peaceful rise. In addition, Hu has sought to strengthen ties with resource-based countries such as Brazil and Pakistan and focused on increasing China's influence in Africa, pledging aid and skilled workers to poor African nations. Hu's stance is seen favourably by the majority in Africa. In addition, Hu's official position on many global issues, including terrorism, is similar to that of the United States. China has shown notable discretion on the issues of Iran's nuclear program and the War in Iraq.

Media control


Despite initial expectations that Hu was a "closet liberal", Hu has shown a fairly hard-line approach to liberalisation of the media.

The media has been given greater latitude in reporting many topics of popular concern, such as the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, as well as into malpractices at the local level. The government has also been responsive to criticism of its media policy, for example in response to the SARS epidemic, and in regard to public commemorations of popular, but deposed, former leader Hu Yaobang

Hu has been very cautious with regards to the Internet, choosing to censor politically sensitive material to a degree more strict than the Jiang era. In February 2007, Hu embarked on further domestic media controls that restricted primetime TV series to "morally correct" content—he objected to programming including some reality shows—on all Chinese TV stations, and listed "20 forbidden areas" of coverage on news reporting.

Taiwan


Early in his presidency, Hu faced an counterpart in the form of then-President of the Republic of China Chen Shui-bian. Chen called for talks without any preconditions, repudiating the 1992 consensus. Chen Shui-bian and had continued to express an ultimate goal of Taiwanese independence, and make statements on the political status of Taiwan that the PRC considers provocative. Hu's initial response was a combination of "soft" and "hard" approaches. On the one hand, Hu expressed a flexibility to negotiate on many issues of concern to Taiwan. On the other hand, he continued to refuse talks without preconditions and remained committed to Chinese reunification as an ultimate goal. While Hu Jintao gave some signs of being more flexible with regard to political relationships with Taiwan as in his May 17 Statement where he offered to address the issue of "international living space" for Taiwan, Hu's government remains firm in its position that the Mainland side will not tolerate any attempt by the Taiwanese government to declare de jure independence from China.

After the re-election of Chen Shui-bian in 2004, Hu's government changed tactics. Hu's government has conducted a no contact policy with the then Taipei administration due to Chen Shui-Bian and the DPP's independence leanings and repudiation of the 1992 consensus. The government maintained its military build-up against Taiwan, and pursued a vigorous policy of isolating Taiwan diplomatically. In March 2005, the Anti-Secession Law was passed by the National People's Congress, formalising "non-peaceful means" as an option of response to a declaration of independence in Taiwan.

Hu's government increased contacts with the Kuomintang , then the opposition party in Taiwan. The relationship between the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang dates back before the Chinese civil war when the two parties twice co-operated in the Northern Expedition and . The increased contacts culminated in the 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China, including a historic meeting between Hu and then-Kuomintang chairman Lien Chan in April 2005.

On 20 March 2008, the Kuomintang won the presidency in Taiwan. It also has a majority in the . Compared to his predecessors, who often dictated conditions to Taiwan, Hu has been proactive in seeking ties with Taiwan, especially with the pro-unification Kuomintang party.

A series of historical meetings between the CPC and KMT have followed. On 12 April 2008, Hu Jintao held a historic meeting with ROC's then vice-president elect Vincent Siew as chairman of the Cross-strait Common Market Fundation during the Boao Forum for Asia. On 28 May 2008, Hu met with KMT chairman Wu Po-hsiung, the first meeting between the heads of the CPC and the KMT as ruling parties. During this meeting, Hu and Wu agreed that both sides should re-commence official dialogue under the 1992 consensus. Wu committed the new government in Taiwan against Taiwanese independence. Hu committed his government to addressing the concerns of the Taiwanese people in regard to security, dignity, and "international living space", with a priority given to allowing Taiwanese participation in the World Health Organisation.

As well as the party-to-party channel, the semi-governmental dialogue channel via the Straits Exchange Foundation and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits is scheduled to re-open in June 2008 on the basis of the 1992 Consensus, with the first meeting held in Beijing. Both Hu and his new counterpart Ma Ying-jeou agree that the 1992 Consensus is the basis for negotiations between the two sides of the Taiwan strait. On 26 March 2008, Hu Jintao held a telephone talk with the US President George W. Bush, in which he as the leader of CPC for the first time admitted that "1992 Consensus" sees "both sides recognize there is only one China, but agree to differ on its definition." The first priority for the SEF-ARATS meeting will be opening of the three links, especially direct flights between mainland China and Taiwan.

Moral guidance


In response to the great number of social problems in China, in March 2006, Hu Jintao released the "" entitled the "Eight Honors and Eight Shames" as a set of moral codes to be followed by the Chinese people, and emphasized the need to spread the message to youth. Alternatively known as the "Eight Honors and Disgraces", it contained eight poetic lines which summarized what a good citizen should regard as an honor and what to regard as a shame. It has been widely regarded as one of Hu Jintao's ideological solutions to the perceived increasing lack of morality in China after s brought in a generation of Chinese predominantly concerned with earning money and power in an increasingly frail social fabric.

It has become a norm for Chinese communist leaders to make their own contributions to Marxist theory. Whether this is Hu's contribution to Marxist theory is debatable, but its general reception with the Chinese public has been moderate . Its promotion, however, is visible almost everywhere: in classroom posters, banners on the street, and electronic display boards for the preparation of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and Expo 2010 in Shanghai. The codes differ from the ideologies of his predecessors, namely, Jiang Zemin's Three Represents, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and Mao Zedong Thought in that the focus, for the first time, has been shifted to codifying moral standards as opposed to setting social or economic goals.

Guo Yingqiu

Guo Yingqiu was a Chinese politician and educationist.

Biography


Guo Yingqiu was born in Tongshan, Jiangsu in 1909. He was the Governor of Yunnan and the President of Nanjing University and Renmin University of China.

Ge Honglin

Ge Honglin is a politician and former engineer and current Mayor of Chengdu.

Of ethnicity he was born in Nantong in Jiangsu Province and a graduate of Beijing University of Science and Technology majoring in Material Science and Engineering. From July 1995 to November 1998 he served as the Board Director and Vice President of Shanghai Metallurgical Holdings.

He is currently the Deputy Secretary of Chengdu Municipal Party Committee since October 2001 and serves as the Mayor to the provincial capital of Chengdu in Sichuan Province.

Fei Junlong

Colonel Fèi Jùnlóng . They landed on October 17, 2005.

He was married in 1991 and has one son. During his personal time he dabbles in fine arts.

The asteroid 9512 Feijunlong was named after him.

Federation for a Democratic China

Federation for a Democratic China is an interest group that advocates the democratization of China through opposition of the Communist Party of China and support of human rights. It was founded on September 22, 1989 in Paris, France, following the June 4,1988 Tiananmen Incident. It is a party of exiles active in Japan, England, and Australia. Fei Liangyong is the President with Sheng Xue, Liang Youcan and Li Song as Vice-Presidents. Membership also includes Yan Jiaqi, who lives in France.

It was very active in the five years following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and has been substantially reinvigorated and active since 2003 with large congresses attracting a broad cross-section of leading Chinese Democracy Activists and exiles.

In 2005 Chen Yonglin, then Chinese consulate-general working in Sydney, defected to the Australian government by a formal claim for political asylum. Chen claimed that a network of 1,000 Chinese government spies were operating in Australia, leading the chairman of the Australian branch of the FDC to comment that such claims could "lead to atmosphere of distrust and even antagonism towards the Chinese community."

Fang Xianjue

Fang Xianjue was born in a small Jiangsu village gentry family in 1903. After studying with the village tutor, he went to Xuzhou Provincial High School, and later studied at the Nanjing 1st Industrial School, then later went to National Central University. After completing his formal education, he decided to attend Whampoa Military Academy and graduated class of 1926.

He started as a platoon leader in the National Revolutionary Army , and got promoted to the rank of army general during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After KMT lost the Chinese Civil War, he relocated with the Nationalists to Taiwan and later became the deputy commander of the NRA army group in charge of defending the Pescadores Islands. General Fang personally participated in the Battle of Taierzhuang, the Battle of Changde, and the Battle of Changsha. Retired from military in 1968, he became a Buddhist monk and later died in 1983.

Defense of Hengyang



Fang Xianjue commanded the NRA 10th Army in the , where he was besieged for 47 days after fighting off numerous assaults by the Imperial Japanese Army . After running out of ammunition and supplies, with no hope of getting reinforcement, he surrendered to the Japanese on the condition that all POW would not be harmed and all wounded Chinese soldiers would get medical treatment. The Japanese commander unconditionally accepted his terms out of respect for his fierce defense of Hengyang, where the IJA suffered almost 20,000 causualties in its attempt to take the city .

He later escaped from captivity and received a hero's welcome from Chiang Kai-shek in Chungking, where he received the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun. The surviving Japanese veterans of the , who personally participated in the battle of Hengyang, organized a group trip to Taipei to pay respect to Fang Xianjue in 1983 after his death.

Duan Yucai

Duan Yucai , courtesy name Ruoying was a of the Qing Dynasty. He made great contributions to the study of Historical Chinese phonology, and is known for his annotated edition of ''Shuowen Jiezi''.

A native of Jintan, Jiangsu, he resigned his government post at the age of 46 to concentrate on his studies. A student of Dai Zhen, he divided the s of Old Chinese into 17 groups. He suggested that "characters sharing the same must belong to the same rime group " . He also suggested that there is no in Old Chinese.

His monumental ''Shuowen Jiezi zhu'' , which he spent 30 years to complete, was published shortly before his death . Wang Niansun, in his preface to the work, says that "it has been 1,700 years since a work of the same quality appeared" , suggesting that it is the greatest Chinese philological work since ''Shuowen Jiezi'', which was published during the early 2nd century.

Christine Chow Ma

Christine Chow Ma or Chow Mei-ching is the wife of Ma Ying-Jeou, the of the Republic of China. She is the First Lady of the Republic of China.

Biography


Chow was born in Hong Kong in 1952. She graduated from Taipei First Girls' High School and received her bachelor degree from National Chengchi University and LL.M. degree from New York University Law School.

Chow was a high-school classmate of Ma Ying-jeou's sister. Chow and Ma married in . She worked as a research assistant, an assistant librarian, and even as ma?tre d’h?tel at a Chinese restaurant to support her husband through Harvard Law School. They have two daughters.

Mrs. Ma was employed at the Mega International Commercial Bank in Taiwan in its legal department. After Ma Ying-jeou won the , she had initially said that she will continue her professional work. At the time, the only change she has made to her lifestyle was taking a chauffeured ride to work instead of public transportation.


In a change of course, President Ma, in a 15 July 2008 CNN interview, stated that his wife will resign her post at the bank to avoid any conflicts of interest or arouse suspicions during his presidency. Her resignation marked a major change for the career-oriented First Lady.

Personality


Chow is presented as a stark contrast from her predecessor, Chen Shui-bian's first lady, Wu Shu-chen; Chow is known for staying out of the political limelight and has rarely joined officials' wives at social or official functions in the past. Chow has stated that she will not fulfill "traditional" first lady responsibilities ; she has, however, said that she will fill in on meeting and greeting dignitaries if she has the time.

Chow is described as down-to-earth and assertive while sometimes lacking social and political tact. She once answered a reporter's question regarding her husband's shortcomings saying, "Whatever weak points husbands have, he has them all."

Cheng Kaijia

CHENG Kaijia , also known as CHENG Kai-jia or CHENG Kai Jia, is a nuclear physicist and engineer. He is a pioneer and key figure in the Chinese nuclear weapon development.

Life



Cheng was born in Wujiang, Jiangsu Province in 1918. He graduated from the Department of Physics, Zhejiang University in 1941. 1946, he went to and studied in the University of Edinburgh, and obtained PhD in 1948 . Then he became a researcher in UK.

Cheng returned in 1950. He was an associate professor at Zhejiang University, then he went to Nanjing, became an associate professor in Nanjing University. Afterward he was promoted to full professorship in Nanjing University.

Cheng was a pioneer of Chinese nuclear technology and played an important role in the development of the first Chinese atomic bomb. He first calculated out the inner temperature and pressure for an antomic bomb blast in China. His calculation was an extremely heavy task and nearly manual, because during that time China didn't have any computer or less calculator. He also solved the mechanism of the inner explosion, which could support the design of the bomb. He was the chief director for many nuclear weapon test fields/bases and their explosion processes.

Cheng was elected to be an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was also a Standing Member of the Science and Technology Committee, Chinese National Nuclear Industry Corporation. He was former Vice-President of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, and the Deputy Chief Director of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, People's Republic of China.


Extralinks



AWARDEE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES PRIZE - CHENG KAIJIA
Nuclear weapon pioneer - Academician Cheng Kaijia